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Active Noise Control Systems - Algorithms
and DSP Implementations Sen M. Kuo and Dennis R. Morgan Contents Preface Acknowledgments 1 Introduction to Active Noise Control 1.1
General Concept 1.2.1 Air-Acoustic ANC 1.2.2 Hydroacoustic ANC 1.2.3 Vibration ANC 1.3 ANC
Systems 1.3.1 Broadband Feedforward ANC Systems 1.3.2 Narrowband Feedforward ANC Systems 1.3.3 Feedback ANC Systems 1.3.4 Multiple-Channel ANC System 1.4 Performance
Evaluation 2 Adaptive Transversal Filters 2.1 Introduction
to Adaptive Systems 2.2 Adaptive
Algorithms 2.2.1 MSE Performance Surface 2.2.2 Method of Steepest Descent 2.2.3 LMS Algorithm 2.3 Performance
Analysis of the LMS Algorithm 2.3.1 The Stability Constraint 2.3.2 Time Constant of the Adaptive
Process 2.3.3 Excess Mean-Square Error 2.4 Modified
LMS Algorithms 2.4.1 Normalized LMS Algorithm 2.4.2 Correlation LMS Algorithm 2.4.3 Leaky LMS Algorithm 2.4.4 Partial-Update LMS Algorithm 2.4.5 Variable-Step-Size LMS Algorithm 2.4.6 Signed LMS Algorithms 2.4.7 Complex LMS Algorithm 2.5 Analysis
of Adaptive Systems Using the z-Transform 2.6 Applications 2.6.1 Adaptive Noise Cancellation 2.6.2 Adaptive System Identification 2.6.3 Adaptive Linear Prediction 3 Broadband Feedforward Active Noise
Control 3.1 Basic
Principles 3.1.1 Simplified System Identification
Scheme 3.1.2 Coherence 3.2 Secondary-Path
Effects 3.3 FXLMS
Algorithm and Off-Line Secondary-Path Modeling 3.3.1 Derivation of the FXLMS Algorithm 3.3.2 Analysis of the FXLMS Algorithm 3.3.3 Secondary-Path Equalization 3.3.4 Off-Line Modeling Technique 3.3.5 Effects of Modeling Errors 3.3.6 Effects of Measurement Noise 3.4 Leaky
FXLMS Algorithm 3.5 Feedback
Effects and Solutions 3.5.1 Effects of Feedback 3.5.2 Feedback Neutralization 3.5.3 Dual-Microphone Reference Sensing
System 3.5.4 Other Acoustic Arrangements 3.6 Filtered-U
Recursive LMS Algorithm 3.6.1 Introduction to IIR Filters 3.6.2 Derivation of the Filtered-U
Recursive LMS Algorithm 3.6.3 Discussion of the Filtered-U
Recursive LMS Algorithm 3.6.4 Application in Short Ducts 3.7 Residual
Noise Shaping 4 Narrowband Feedforward Active Noise
Control 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Waveform
Synthesis Method 4.2.1 Structure and Algorithm 4.2.2 Equivalent Model of the Waveform
Synthesis Method 4.2.3 Steady-State Analysis 4.2.4 Secondary-Path Effects and the FXLMS
Algorithm 4.3 Adaptive
Notch Filters 4.3.1 Narrowband Adaptive Noise Canceler 4.3.2 Single-Frequency ANC Using Delay
Compensation 4.3.3 Single-Frequency ANC Using the FXLMS
Algorithm 4.3.4 Simplified Single-Frequency ANC 4.4 Multiple-Frequency
ANC 4.4.1 Direct Form 4.4.2 Parallel Form 4.4.3 Direct/Parallel Form 4.4.4 Cascade Form 4.4.5 Rectangular-Wave Reference Signal 4.5 Narrowband
Active Noise Equalizer 4.5.1 Single-Frequency Active Noise
Equalizer 4.5.2 Characteristics of the System 5 Multiple-Channel Active Noise
Control 5.1 Historical
Review 5.2 Acoustic
Considerations 5.2.1 Theory 5.2.2 Multiple-Channel ANC Performance
Expectation 5.3 Multiple-Channel
FXLMS Algorithms 5.3.1 Single-Reference/Multiple-Output
FXLMS Algorithm 5.3.2 Frequency-Domain Convergence
Analysis 5.3.3 Single-Reference/Multiple-Output ANC
Systems with Feedback Reduction 5.3.4 Multiple-Reference/Multiple-Output
FXLMS Algorithm 5.3.5 Effects of Secondary Path Modeling
Errors 5.4 Multiple-Channel
Filtered-U Recursive LMS Algorithm 5.4.1 Filter Structure 5.4.2 Adaptation Algorithm 5.4.3 Example for 1x2x2 System 6 Feedback Active Noise Control 6.1 Classic
Feedback ANC 6.2 Design
and Analysis of Classic Feedback ANC Systems 6.3 Single-Channel
Adaptive Feedback ANC Systems 6.3.1 Structure and Algorithm 6.3.2 Algorithm Analysis 6.3.3 Feedback Waveform Synthesis Method 6.4 Multiple-Channel
Adaptive Feedback ANC Systems 6.4.1 A Kx1 Adaptive Feedback ANC System 6.4.2 A KxM Adaptive Feedback ANC
System 6.5 Feedback
ANC Algorithms Using a Source Model and Prediction Filter 6.5.1 Output Whitening 6.5.2 Kalman Filter with Parameter
Estimation 6.6 Hybrid
ANC Systems 6.6.1 Hybrid ANC with FIR Feedforward ANC 6.6.2 Hybrid ANC with IIR Feedforward ANC 6.6.3 Discussion 7 On-Line Secondary-Path Modeling
Techniques 7.1 On-Line
Modeling: The Fundamental Problem 7.2 Some
Simple On-Line Secondary-Path Modeling Techniques 7.2.1 Three-Sensor Algorithm 7.2.2 Time-Difference Signal Algorithm 7.3 Additive
Random Noise Technique 7.3.1 Basic Technique and Steady-State
Analysis 7.3.2 Update Algorithm and Convergence 7.3.3 Methods for Improvement 7.4 Overall
Modeling Algorithm 7.4.1 Off-Line Initialization 7.4.2 Combined Operation 7.4.3 Comparison with the Additive Random
Noise Algorithm 7.5 Multiple-Channel
Secondary-Path Modeling Algorithms 7.5.1 Interchannel Coupling Effect 7.5.2 Multiple-Channel On-Line Modeling
Algorithms 7.6 Audiointerference
Cancellation and On-Line Modeling Algorithm 7.6.1 Integrated ANC-Audio System 7.6.2 Single-Channel System 7.6.3 Multiple-Channel System 8 Other ANC Structures and Algorithms 8.1 Lattice
ANC 8.1.1 Lattice Structures and Algorithms 8.1.2 Lattice ANC Systems 8.2 Frequency-Domain
ANC 8.2.1 Frequency-Domain Adaptive Filter 8.2.2 Frequency-Domain FXLMS Algorithm 8.3 RLS
Algorithm for ANC 8.3.1 RLS Algorithm 8.3.2 ANC Using the RLS Algorithm 8.4 Subband
ANC 8.5 Modal
ANC 8.5.1 Modal Filters 8.5.2 Secondary Prefilters 8.5.3 Performance Degradation for a
Limited Number of Sensors 8.5.4 Design Methodology 9 ANC Applications 9.1 Single-Channel
Feedforward Systems 9.1.1 Broadband Duct-Acoustic Applications 9.1.2 Broadband Room-Acoustic Noise 9.1.3 Narrowband Active Control of Exhaust
Noise 9.1.4 ANC Headsets for Narrowband Periodic
Noise 9.1.5 Other Narrowband ANC Applications 9.2 Multiple-Channel
Feedforward Systems 9.2.1 ANC in Enclosures 9.2.2 Active Control of Free-Field
Radiation 9.2.3 Integration with Audio and
Communication Systems 9.2.4 Model ANC for a Vibrating Beam 9.2.5 Vibrating-Plate ANC Using a
Pseudocascade FXLMS Adaptive Notch Filter 9.2.6 A Case Study of Multiple-Channel ANC 9.3 Adaptive
Feedback Systems 9.3.1 Single-Channel Systems 9.3.2 Multiple-Channel Systems Appendices: A Implementation Considerations A.1 Finite
Precision Effects in Adaptive Digital Filters A.2 Implementation
Procedure for Real-Time DSP Applications A.3 Implementation
of Adaptive Filters with the TMS320C25 B Practical System Considerations B.1 Performance
Requirements B.2 Hardware
System B.3 Fixed-Point
Implementation C White Noise Generator C.1 Linear
Congruential Sequence Generator C.2 Pseudorandom
Binary Sequence Generator D Linear Chirp Signal E Automatic Gain Control F A Hilbert Transform Digital Filter G Sinewave Generators G.1 Lookup-Table
Method G.2 Recursive
Oscillator H. Frequency Estimation Using Pulse
Counting I. About the Software I.1 Installing
the Diskette Files I.2 File
Organization I.3 Source
Program Description I.4 Testing
Procedures I.5 Technical
Support References Index |